Votes on prisoner slavery
Illegal, slavery, in the United States? Yes, except as punishment for a crime, says the country's 13th Amendment . This exception, echoed in one way or another in the constitutions of more than a dozen states, is increasingly contested by human rights advocates.
On Tuesday, voters in Alabama, Oregon, Tennessee and Vermont voted to end the ability to subject their imprisoned citizens to "involuntary servitude."
The question was on the ballot of a fifth state, Louisiana, which rejected it after controversy over the wording of the sentence put to the referendum.
"We've won in four states, but Louisiana has always been a tough place to promote the idea," Curtis Ray Davis, general manager of Decarcerate Louisiana, said over the phone. I'm disappointed. »
Mr. Davis is one of those who worked to bring the issue to a vote in that state. He knows the prison system inside out, having been sentenced to prison in 1994 for second-degree murder, a crime for which he claimed his innocence. The author of Slave State: Evidence of Apartheid in America was released in 2016.
In the foreground
In recent years, the issue of prison labor has come back to the fore in the United States. Colorado became the first state in 2018 to amend its Constitution to abolish involuntary servitude, followed two years later by Nebraska and Utah.
"The fact that even Tennessee, a very conservative state, voted 79.9% to ban all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude is a very strong message," said Marc Levin, chief policy adviser at the think tank. Council on Criminal Justice.
At the heart of the concerns: work-related punishments – which can include solitary confinement or the loss of visitation rights in the event of refusal to comply – particularly low wages, health and safety conditions. And racism, since the practice was used, particularly in southern states, after the abolition of slavery to exploit African-Americans, imprisoned under various pretexts.
Mr Levin draws a distinction between work performed by and for prison inmates, such as maintenance or laundry, and gainful work, for the benefit of private companies, for which he believes prisoners should be paid more. . In the United States, the returns to prisoner labor are estimated at several billion US dollars. In Louisiana, a prisoner can earn as little as 2 cents an hour working in a field, according to a study by the American Civil Liberties Union and the University of Chicaco Law School Global Human Rights Clinic.
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